Catalytically accelerated gas phase reactions

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to a process for carrying out an anionically or cationically catalytically accelerated gas phase reaction and particularly relates to a process for carrying out a catalytically accelerated gas phase polymerization reaction. The process involves the step of introducing a catalyst ion into a gaseous reaction mixture as a free anion or cation without a corresponding counterion and substantially solvent free. The catalyst of this invention ca, for example, be a Ziegler-Natta catalyst or a metallocene catalyst. The gas phase reaction that is catalyzed can, for example, be a metathesis reaction, a metathesis ring-opening polymerization reaction, or a gas phase polymerization.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/400,128, filed Sep. 21, 1999, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety to the extent not inconsistent with the disclosure herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention concerns a process for running an anionically or cationically catalytically accelerated gas phase reaction, a process for running catalytically accelerated gas phase polymerization, as well as applications of the process and polymerizates produced according to the process of the invention.

[0003] The catalysts in anionically or cationically catalytically accelerated gas phase reactions or in a reactor with a wet suspension are generally arranged on supports and enclosed on this account.

[0004] In the case of catalysts arranged on supports for running so-called heterogeneous catalysis, the support together with catalyst is held in the gaseous reaction mixture by means of a fluidized bed. Especially in polymerization in the gas phase, like production of polyolefins, catalysts arranged on supports are used in which so-called metallocene-based catalysts have recently come into use, which are arranged on silica gel or magnesium chloride as support particles, among other things. The major advantage of these catalysts based on metallocene compounds is that selective or controlled reactions are made possible and production of polymers with substantially improved properties relative to now common polymers is made possible, especially in terms of elasticity, heat defection temperature, hardness, etc.

[0005] However, the production of such catalysts based on the metallocene compounds is still very costly and intricate in that the substance forming the catalyst must initially be deposited on the support and then activated, for example, by alkylation agents or with so-called Lewis acids. However, production of the corresponding polymers, like polyolefins, based on such metallocene catalysts, is therefore also very expensive.

[0006] When ionic catalysts dissolved in solvents are used, there is a problem that the reaction rate must generally be adversely affected by the presence of a solvent and the counterion. Moreover, the solvent can partially react with the catalyst or form complexes by addition to the active anion and cation so that the activity of the catalyst is reduced. In addition, the solvent destroys favorable electrostatic interaction that exists in the gas phase. These catalysts are generally so-called Ziegler-Natta catalysts and catalysts appropriate for running so-called methathesis processes.

[0007] It is therefore a task of the present invention to propose a process by introducing anionic or cationic catalysts to a gas phase reaction mixture for catalytic acceleration of the reaction without the drawbacks just described.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] The invention provides a process for carrying out an anionically or cationically accelerated reaction in the gas phase where the catalyst is introduced to the gaseous reaction mixture as a free anion or cation without its corresponding counterion and at least largely solvent free.

[0009] In this process the catalyst can be activated in a solvent and the solvent and the counterion of the anion or cation catalyst are then largely removed before introduction of the reaction mixture. The catalysts can be introduced into the gaseous reaction mixture by electrospray ionization, thermospray ion vaporization or by atmospheric pressure ionization.

[0010] The process of this invention can be performed in several reaction regions or reaction stages arranged in succession to carry out a chain reaction of polymerization reaction triggered by the catalyst or accelerated with the catalyst.

[0011] The reaction to be accelerated can be a metathesis reaction, a metathesis ring-opening polymerization or a gas phase polymerization reaction.

[0012] In the process of this invention the catalyst can be a Ziegler-Natta catalyst, preferably a metallocene catalyst.

[0013] The process of this reaction can be employed for the production of a polyolefin.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014]FIG. 1 is a schematic depiction of a reaction arrangement in which the catalyst is introduced to a gaseous reaction mixture by electrospray for carrying out and analysis of the catalytically accelerated gas phase reaction.

[0015]FIG. 2 is a daughter-ion spectrum taken by electrospray of [Cp₂Zr—CH₃]⁺⁻B(C₆F₅)₄, in dilute CH₂Cl₂/CH₃CN solution, thermalization and reaction in octopole 1 (FIG. 1) with a-butene, mass-selection of m/z=291 in quadrupole 1 (FIG. 1), further reaction with more 1-butene in octopole 2 (FIG. 1) under near-zero energy, multiple collision conditions, and finally mass analysis in quadrupole 2 (FIG. 1). A small peak at m/z=459 can be seen if the scale is enlarged. Addition of up to four units of 1-butene is evident, clearly showing that the Ziegler-Natta polymerization reaction proceeds in the mass spectrometer with completely unsolvated complexes.

[0016]FIG. 3 is a daughter-ion spectrum taken by electrospray of I in dilute CH₂Cl₂ solution, desolvation, collisional removal of one phosphine ligand, and thermal ization in octopole 1 (FIG. 1), mass selection of m/z=546 in quadrupole 1 (FIG. 1), followed by reaction with 1-butene in octopole 2 (FIGS. 1), and finally mass analysis in quadrupole 2 (FIG. 1).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0017] It is proposed that the active anion or active cation that forms the catalyst by introduced as a free anion or cation without a corresponding counterion, as well as at least largely free of any solvent, into the gaseous reaction mixture.

[0018] Introduction of an anion or cation without a corresponding counterion and essentially solvent-free is possible by introducing the catalyst to the gaseous reaction mixture by electrospray ionization, thermospray ion vaporization or with so-called atmospheric pressure ionization.

[0019] So-called Ziegler-Natta catalysts or metallocene catalysts that are initially dissolved and activated in an appropriate solvent are suitable in particular as catalysts. Spraying of the so dissolved and activated catalyst then occurs by electrospray, thermospray or ion vaporization or by atmospheric pressure ionization, in which case spraying generally occurs under high pressure with simultaneous enclosure of the spray cloud in an inert gas, like nitrogen or a noble gas. By heating and application of a vacuum at least part of the spray solvent is eliminated and the counterion corresponding to the catalyst is eliminated by application of an electrical potential or electrical voltage. The anion or cation now so isolated, which serves the reaction as catalyst, is then introduced to a reaction space in which the gaseous reaction mixture or the gaseous monomer to be polymerized is arranged. It is then possible to arrange several reaction stages or spaces in succession in order to run consecutive, chain-forming polymerization reactions, especially in the case of polymerization.

[0020] Because of this relatively simple production of extremely efficient anionic or cationic catalysts (i.e., with 10⁶-10⁷ times higher reactivity) for catalytic acceleration of gas phase reactions it becomes possible, for example, to make the still costly but technically superior metallocene-based polyolefin production process cheaper and in fact in a cost range corresponding to that of linear high-density polyethylene and polypropylene production processes. The production process cost difference is now no longer a result of the difference in production of the catalyst, but merely the difference in production of the monomer.

[0021] Similarly favorable results can generally be achieved in gas phase reactions accelerated with Ziegler-Natta catalysts and ring opening metathesis polymerization reactions in the gas phase, in which cationic catalysts are generally used. Simple polymerization of, say, gas phase olefin monomer molecules can be induced by electrospray or ion vaporization of the catalyst.

[0022] The invention is now further explained below using a reactor arrangement according to FIG. 1 and with reference to the subsequently cited examples of gas phase reactions.

[0023]FIG. 1 schematically depicts in simplified fashion a reaction arrangement in which the catalyst is introduced to a gaseous reaction mixture by electrospray for running and analysis of the catalytically accelerated gas phase reaction and the products produced by the reaction.

[0024]FIG. 1 shows an electrospray arrangement generally occurring in mass spectrometers, in which a slightly modified Finnigan MAT-TSQ7000 electrospray tandem mass spectrometer equipped with an octopole-quadrupole-octopole-quadrupole (O1/Q1/O2/Q2) arrangement was used to run the subsequently described arrangement, similar to that described by Armentrout et al. (Ervin, K. M. and Armentrout, P. B. (1985) J. Chem. Phys. 83:166) with directed ion beams, but with an electrospray instead of a conventional ion source (see Whitehouse, R. N. et al. (1985), “Die Elektrospray-Quelle Fur massenspektrometrische Anwendungen wurde beschrieben,” Anal. Chem. 57:675).

[0025] The schematically depicted arrangement according to FIG. 1 first shows in simplified fashion an electron spray ion source 1, which is formed by a cylindrical electrode 3. The solvent loaded with catalysts is introduced via a hypodermic needle or fine inlet tube 5 into a first region A, in which the sprayed solvent with catalyst is schematically shown by means of a spray cloud 13. This hypodermic needle is enclosed by inlet tube 5 for a protective gas, like nitrogen or a noble gas, which is atomized during spraying with the solvent.

[0026] A conditioning gas is also introduced to the first region via line 9 in the region of the cylindrical electrode in order to condition the sprayed solvent containing the activated catalyst to a specified temperature.

[0027] A voltage is applied in the region of the discharge nozzle 11 of cylindrical electrode 3 on the order of 0 to +9 kV and on the order of 0 to −8 kV. Roughly atmospheric pressure prevails in the first region A.

[0028] The catalyst-electrospray mist is passed from region A into a subsequent region B to a heated capillary 13, on whose end a tubular lens 17 is arranged to which a voltage of about 0 to +200 or 0 to −200 V is applied. The electrospray mist is discharged via this tube lens 17 into a subsequent region B in which a vacuum is applied in order to draw off the evaporated solvent, for example, via a separation pump 19. By the arrangement of a separator 21, which is grounded, the counterion is also trapped so that only the anion or cation responsible for the catalytic acceleration can reach the first reaction region C through the passage opening 23 arranged in the separator, in which a first octopole arrangement 25 is provided. The inert gas or protective gas or conditioning gas is displaced by the reaction gas in this first octopole region so that the catalytically accelerated gas phase reaction is initiated.

[0029] Region C is then followed by analytical region D, having a typical quadrupole arrangement for a mass spectrometer for analysis of the reaction mixture.

[0030] In a subsequent reaction region E, again having an octopole arrangement 29, the gas phase reaction is continued, for example, to generate oligomers.

[0031] In the next analysis region F, again having a quadrupole arrangement 31, the reaction products are again analyzed.

[0032] A so-called dinode, as well as an electrical amplified 33, are arranged at the end of the reaction arrangement.

[0033] It is possible to apply different vacuum pressures along the reaction arrangement, i.e., so that a significantly higher vacuum can be applied in the analytical quadrupole regions D and F than in the octopole regions C and E.

EXAMPLES First Example

[0034] Gas phase Ziegler-Natta polymerization by means of alkyl zirconocene cations in an electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometer.

[0035] This example involves the addition of several olefin units to an isolated alkyl zirconocene cation in the gas phase. Addition of 1-butene to free cations occurs at a diffusion-controlled rate that is 10⁷ to 10⁸ times faster than the corresponding solvent phase addition, in which the metallocene cation is part of an ion pair, often with one or more coordinating ligands (for example, solvent). The observed reaction corresponds to the multiple chain reaction steps of a Ziegler-Natta polymerization (Fink, G. et al. (eds.), (1995), Ziegler Catalysts, Springer, New York. A recent collection of reviews covers progress in the field), which has best been investigated in solution with similar homogeneous catalysts but has never been observed beforehand in mass spectrometer studies of isolated ions. Since industrial production of metallocene-based polyolefins is often run in solvent-free gas phase reactors with “homogeneous” catalysts applied to an inert, solid support, the reaction in a tandem mass spectrometer can be viewed as a reasonable model for the industrial process and can therefore furnish appropriate analytical and mechanistic possibilities.

[0036] The electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometer (ESI-MS/MS) experiment (The basic electrospray source for mass spectrometry is described by: Whitehouse, C. M. et al. (1985) Anal. Chem. 57:675. A complete monograph on the technique is: Cole, R. D., (ed.) (1997) Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry, John Wiley, New York) was conducted in a modified Finnigan MAT-TSQ7000 mass spectrometer, as described with reference to FIG. 1. Solutions of the tetraperfluorophenyl borate salt of methyl-zirconocene cation I (Cp₂ZrCH₃)⁻, suitable for electrospray, were produced by treating a 10⁻³M solution of Cp₂Zr(CH₃)₂ in acetonitrile with somewhat less than one equivalent of dimethylanilinium tetraperfluorophenyl borate (Generous donation of a sample of dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate by Dr. Marc 0. Kristen, BASF, is gratefully acknowledged) as activation acid, followed by ten-fold dilution with CH₂Cl₂.

[0037] The solutions were sprayed by means of the electrospray apparatus under “high” pressure of 10 mtorr argon (The maximum pressure was limited by the pumps. Higher pressures should improve the reaction.), in which argon served as conditioning or thermalization gas in the first octopole region. The distribution and intensities of the deflections in the mass spectrum were extremely sensitive to traces of water, oxygen and other contaminations in the inlet system to the spectrometer. However, a large deflection corresponding to (I+CH₃CN) could be reproducibly observed. The use of 1 -butene instead of argon in the first octopole region and an increase in potential of the capillary tube lens in order to eliminate acetonitrile ligands, led to the formation of new peaks, among which the masses corresponding to II (n=1) and III were most pronounced. Adduct II (n=1) is the produce of insertion of an olefin unit into the Zr—C bond of I, whereas III represents the product formed by H₂ loss in II. The mass selection of II (n=1) in the first quadrupole arrangement and collision with more 1-butene (10 mtorr, almost zero collision energy) in the second octopole region gave the daughter ion mass spectrum shown in FIG. 2.

[0038] The addition of further olefin units undoubtedly occurred, clearly recognizable with II (n−1-3) and detectable with II (n=4) if the scale is enlarged ten-fold.

[0039] Reaction of I with isobutene instead of 1-butene in the first octopole region gives a significant peak as a result of the addition product with no subsequent loss of H₂ and only a small peak corresponding to a CH₄ loss (see below).

[0040] The present results confirm the first observation of a Ziegler-Natta polymerization accelerated by isolated metallocene catalyst molecules in the gas phase. Further efforts to observe polymerization reaction in ICR (ion cyclotron resonance) experiments (Uppal, J. S. et al. (1981) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103:508), mostly by Richardson, Eyler et al. (Christ, C. S. et al. (1988) J. Am Chem. Soc. 110:4038; Christ, C. S. et al. (1990) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112:596; Alameddin, N. G. et al. (1995) Organometallics 14:5005), always led to production of III. For a large number of α-olefins investigated by Richardson and Eyler, a similar compound to III (or a product derived from it) was the only observed produce of reaction of I with olefins containing a β-hydrogen. However, all gave a product similar to II (n−1), but no subsequent products. In the case of α-olefins that contain no β-hydrogen, like isobutene and α-methylstryene, Richardson and Eyler mentioned exclusive conversion to products that are obtained by loss of CH₄. Isotope-labeled experiments in the later experiments showed conclusively that the CH₄ loss reaction from the π-complex follows in competition with (probably subsequent) insertion of the olefin units into the Zr—C bond. The hydrogen loss, as well as CH₄ loss products, of which it is assumed that they have π-allyl structures, are catalytically inactive in Ziegler-Natta polymerization. Addition of more than one unit of an olefin could not be observed accordingly.

[0041] Neither the hydrogen loss nor the CH₄ loss reactions could be observed in Ziegler-Natta polymerization reactions in solution or in the gas phase at atmospheric pressure. Richardson and Eyler explained the difference between their results and the condensed phase results by insufficient conditioning (thermalization) of the intermediate ions, for example, very low ambient pressure in II in an ICR spectrometer cell. In addition, the residence times and, very importantly, the collision times are very long and occasionally reach several seconds. The exothermicity of an insertion reaction can be easily estimated as the difference in bond energy between a C—C single bond and the π-component of a C═C double bond, which reaches 20 to 25 kcal/mol (the Zr—C bond intensity is compensated).

[0042] Accordingly, II is formed as chemically activated species, which in the absence of collision behaves most favorably in terms of entropy, namely by dissociation. Enthalpy-favored reactions, like addition reactions, generally occur under high pressure or condense phase conditions. The present results with reaction of electrosprayed ions under relatively high pressure conditions correspond more to the condensed phase results than those in ICR high vacuum. This effect is attributed to the more efficient thermalization or conditioning in the experiments with increased pressure, and also to the shorter reaction times as a property because of the selected mass spectrum design. In particular, because of the complete absence of hydrogen loss from II (n>1), increased state densities are obtained connected with growing alkyl side chains that sufficiently inhibit the hydrogen loss reaction so that collision stabilization of the adduct is made possible. It can be concluded from this that the results from the employed ESI-MS/MS technique are directly applicable to reactions under more known conditions. Nevertheless, the inherent flexibility and current potential of the tandem mass spectrum measurements are obtainable by the present reaction arrangement (For a recent monograph see: Organometallic Ion Chemistry, Freiser, B. S. (ed.) Kluwer, Dordrecht 1996).

[0043] The most impressive difference between the present gas phase results and similar reaction in solution is obtained by the enormous reaction rate acceleration. A kinetic study of the Cp₂ZrCl₂/MAO system in solvent phase olefin polymerization gave a value k_(p)=168-1760⁻¹sec⁻¹ at 70° C. with an absolute upper limit of k_(p)<5000 M⁻¹sec⁻¹ with 75-100% of the available zirconium, present in a catalytically active form (Chien, J. C. W. and Wang, B. P. (1990), J. Polym. Sic., Part A 28:15). If only the highest second-order rate constant is assume and this is multiplied by means of the concentration of 1-butene corresponding to a pressure of 10 mtorr in the second octopole region, we obtain a pseudo first-order rate constant of k_(p)′˜2.5×10⁻²sec⁻¹. The first lifetime of an alkyl-zirconocene cation with reference to addition of an olefin is thus: τ=1/k_(p)′˜400 sec. In a previous study the transit time in the second octopole region was determined at roughly 10 μsec. Investigation of the following peak intensities of II (n−1−4) in FIG. 2, however, shows that the observed lifetime corresponds roughly to the transit time, i.e., τ˜10 μsec, which means that the reaction of the isolated alky-zirconocene cations of the gas phase in the absence of the solvent and a counterion runs about 10⁷ to 10⁹ (or 10⁸) times more quickly than the similar solvent phase. This indicates a diffusion-controlled reaction in the mass spectrometer.

[0044]FIG. 2 shows the daughter ion spectrum recorded by electrospray of (Cp₂Zr−CH₃)⁺⁻B(C₆F₅)₄, dissolved in CH₂Cl₂/CH₃CN, thermalization and reaction in octopole 1 with 1-butene, mass selected from m/3-291 in quadrupole 1, further reaction with addition of 1-butene in octopole 2 under low energy, multiple collision conditions and finally mass analysis in quadrupole 2. A small peak at m/e=459 is recognizable if the scale is enlarged. The addition of up to four units of 1-butene is recognizable, from which it clearly follows that the Ziegler-Natta polymerization reaction in the mass spectrometer proceeds with fully undissolved complexes. Although initially surprising, the result is reasonable based on two reasons:

[0045] (i) Absence of a counterion or any charge generation itself by a weakly coordinating solvent molecule and also because of the absence of a pre-equilibrium in order to form the active species (The importance of counter-ions, solvent effects, and ion-pairing has been discussed. Bochmann, S. J. and Lancaster, S. J. (1992) J. Organomet. Chem. 434:C1; Bochmann, M. Lancaster, S. J. (1994), Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 33:1634; Beck S. et al. (1996) J. Mol. Catalysis 111:67), the isolated cations should be more reactive, and

[0046] (ii) the electrostatic interaction (Fameth, W. E. and Brauman, J. I. (1976) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98:7891; Olmstead, W. N. and Brauman, J. I. (1977), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99:4219; ASubiojo, O. I. and Brauman, J. I. (1979) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101:3715; Pellerite, M. J. and Brauman, J. I. (1980) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102:5993; Sharma, S. and Kebarle, P. (1982), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104:19; Caldwell, G. et al. (1984) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106:959; McMahon T. B. et al. (1988) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110:7591) of either the ion dipole or ion-induced dipole, which is shielded in solution, efficiently reduces the activation energy of a bimolecular ion molecular reaction by 10 to 20 kcal/mol in comparison with the same reaction in solution. for a solvent phase reaction with E_(a)˜10-12 kcal/mol (considering k_(p)˜10³ M⁻¹sec⁻¹) the corresponding gas phase ion molecule reaction should be diffusion-controlled. If this explanation is correct, the rate acceleration should be applicable to any gas phase catalytic reaction of undissolved ionic catalyst without counterions. There is the additional suspicion that the high pressure polymerization of an α-olefin (atmospheric pressure instead of the employed roughly 10 mtorr) with an electrosprayed Ziegler-Natta catalyst gives a product with a very narrow distribution of chain lengths. Once the growing chain length is long enough “to break” by itself, the rate can diminish, which leads to a self-regulating behavior of subsequent polymerization.

[0047] To summarize, it can therefore be established that Ziegler-Natta polymerization of a simple olefin by means of an undissolved metallocene catalyst molecule could be observed in the gas phase for the first time without a counterion. The chemistry of incorporation of an olefin unit in the metal-carbon bonds corresponds to the condensed phase and high-pressure gas phase chemistry, but with an extraordinary increase in rate by a factor of 10⁶ to 10⁷, which is employed in industrial production methods of stereouniform high-performance polyolefins.

Example 2

[0048] Olefin metathesis and ring opening metathesis polymerization by means of an electrosprayed ruthenium-carbene complex in the gas phase.

[0049] An olefin metathesis reaction (The olefin metathesis reaction first recognized as such by: Calderon, N. et al. (1967) Tetrahedron Lett. p 3327, is reviewed thoroughly in a recent monograph: Olefin Metathesis and Metathesis Polymerization, Ivin, K. J. and Mol. J. C. (eds.) Academic Press, New York, 1997)and a ring opening metathesis polymerization in the gas phase by means of the water-soluble Grubbs (Mohr, B. et al. (1996) Organometallics 15:4317) ruthenium-benzylidene complex IV could be observed mass spectrometrically. In addition to a first observation of an olefin metathesis in the gas phase by means of a complex which gives the same reaction in solution, the present mass spectrometric study surprisingly offers the certainty that gas phase reactions of an RuCl₂(═CHPh)(PR₂R¹)₂ complex runs essentially similar to the corresponding reactions in solution in every respect, except for an extraordinary increase in rate by a factor of >10⁶.

[0050] Electrospray ionization (The basic electrospray source for mass spectrometry is described by: Whitehouse, C. M. et al. (1985) Anal. Chem. 57:675. A complete monograph on the technique is: Cole, R. D., (ed.) (1997) Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry, John Wiley, New York) tandem mass spectrometric (ESI-MS/MS) experiments were conducted in a modified Finnigan MAT TSQ-7000 mass spectrometer, as described with reference to FIG. 1. Complex IV was synthesized as described by Mohr, Lynn and Grubbs (Mohr, B. et al. (1996) Organometallics 15:4317). A 10⁻⁶M CH₂Cl₂ solution of the diiodide salt of IV was then electrosprayed with the olefin (1-butene, norbomene or cyclobutene) (Cyclobutene was prepared by E2-elimination from cyclobutyl tosylate. The material was checked by ¹H nmr to ensure that there was none of the isomeric 1,3-butadiene.) at roughly 10 mtorr, in which the olefin served as conditioning and thermalization gas in the first octopole region. Under relatively mild desolvation conditions, for example, a capillary tube lens potential of 44 V, the mass spectrum consisted of the dication IV, a monocation V, corresponding to the loss of a phosphine ligand from IV and a second monocation VI with a mass showing that one of the chloride ligands in V was replaced by an iodide.

[0051] The use of the dichloride salt of IV instead of diiodide eliminated VI. The capillary tube lens potential was increased to 150 V so that initially IV and then V disappeared and a new peak appeared whose mass corresponds to the olefin. In the case of 1-butene as olefin the new mass corresponded to the ruthenium-propylidene complex VII, which results from an olefin metathesis with reaction with loss of styrene. Complexes IV and VI added no olefins in comparable experiments. Moreover, if both IV or V were mass selected in the first quadrupole region and then reacted with 1-butene in the second octopole region, the only metathesis product in both cases was VII (see FIG. 3; FIG. 3 shows a daughter ion spectrum recorded by electrospray of IV in CH₂Cl₂ solution, desolvated, collision removal of a phosphine ligand and thermalization in octopole 1, mass selection of m/z=546 in quadrupole 1, followed by reaction with 1-butene in octopole 2 and final mass analysis in quadrupole).

[0052] With norbomene the new complex VIII exhibited the mass of an adduct of V and norbornene, as would be expected for the product of a one-stage ring opening metathesis polymerization reaction (ROMP). Mass selection of VIII and collision in the second octopole region with either argon or norbomene led to loss of the norbomene mass from the ion and presumably reformation of V.

[0053] With the more reactive cyclobutene in the first octopole region during preparation of V an adduct IX detectably appears in the mass spectrum (n−1). A more precise study of the mass spectrum reveals a smaller mass peak for IX (n−2), which leads to the conclusion that a second molecule of cyclobutene was inserted.

[0054] Different reaction mechanistic viewpoints can be derived from the data, even without the availability of more accurate thermochemical measurements (via collision-induced reaction transitions (Halle, L. F. et al. (1982) Organometallics 1:963; Armentrout P. B. et al. (1981) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103:6501; Armentrout, P. B. and Beauchamp, J. L. (1981), J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1981) 103:784. For some more recent work on small complexes, see: Sunderlin, L. S. et al. (1993) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115:12060; Sunderlin, L. S. and Squires, R. R. (1993) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115:337), which are possible with the present instruments) (Hinderling, C. et al. (1997) Angew. Chem. 109:272; Hinderling, C. et al. (1997) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119:10793).

[0055] Electrospray ionization of medium to large organometallic complexes was first described recently (Colton, R. and Traeger, J. C. (1992) Inorg. Chim. Acta 201:153; Canty, A. J. et al. (1993) Inorg. Chim. Acta 210:91), but was not systematically connected (For a recent exception, see: Spence, T. G. et al. (1997) J. Phys. Chem. A 101:139) with the large number of ion molecule reaction techniques available in conjunction with small gas phase organometallic ions (For a recent monograph, see: Organometallic Ion Chemistry, Freiser, B. S. (ed.) Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1996. For other recent work see, for example: Dieterle, M. et al. (1997) Chem. Phys. Lett. 277:399; Hornung, G. et al. (1997) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119:2273; Wesendrup, R. and Schwarz, P. (1997) organomet. 16:461; Hornung, G. et al. (1995) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117:8192; Schroder, D. et al. (1994) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116:5857; Irikura, J. L. and Beauchamp, J. (1991) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113:2769; Irikura, K. K. and Beauchamp, J. L. (1989) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111:75; Armentrout, P. B. (1995) Acc. Chem. Res. 28:430; Freise, B. S. (1994) Ace. Chem. Res. 27:353). Other studies in ion molecule chemistry have observed olefin metastasis reactions, especially with different simple metal carbenes (Stevens, A. E. and Beauchamp, J. L. (1979) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101:6449; Jacobson, D. B. and Freiser, B. S. (1985) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107:67; Jacobson, D. B. and Freiser, B. S. (1985) J. am. Chem. Soc. 107:2605), like [Mn—CH₂]⁺, [Fe—CH₂]⁻ and [Co—CH₂]⁺, mostly by reaction with deuterated ethylene. The present results, however, confirm the first example in which it is demonstrated that a solvent phase olefin metathesis catalyst triggers the same reaction in the gas phase. The fact that the gas phase and solvent phase reactions are very similar is critical with reference to the significance of the experiment. The obtained reaction mechanisms show that many features that occur in solvent phase metathesis reactions also occur in gas phase reactions (at least tentatively). dissociation of a phosphine ligand from the formal 18-3-complex IV appears to be necessary before the metathesis reaction can occur, as demonstrated by the presence of products like VII and the total absence of metathesis containing two of the phosphine ligands. Norbornene is qualitatively more reactive with V in the mass spectrometer than 1-butene, as is again expected. Addition of the first monomer unit is much simpler with cycloolefins than the subsequent addition. This is consistent with the observation of Grubbs (Schwab, P. et al. (1996) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118:100) that the ruthenium-benzylidene complexes in solvent phase ring opening metathesis polymerization reaction exhibit much more rapid initial reactions (roughly nine-fold) than the subsequent rates of chain formation. The parallelism of gas phase and solvent phase reactivity is underscored by a concluding observation. The product of metathesis of 1-butene by complex V is ruthenium-propylene VIII and not the alternative ruthenium-methylene. The other possible product-carbene-compound is absent within the signal-to-noise spectra of 50:1 or better. It is assumed that a kinetic preference is represented in the metathesis reaction by this, which is explained by the fact that the reaction is not run under equilibrium conditions. Precisely the same kinetic preference was mentioned by Grubbs (Schwab, P. et al. (1996) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118:100) during solvent phase reactor of RuCl₂(═CHPh)(Pcy₃)₂ with 1-butene, in which the propylidene complex is formed first, before equilibrium is established relative to the thermodynamically favored methylene complex.

[0056] The absolute reaction rate forms the exception to the similarities of the gas phase and solvent phase reactions. As in the case of the Ziegler-Natta polymerization in undissolved metallocene cations, the olefin metathesis and ring opening metathesis polymerization reactions described here are accelerated by up to a factor of about 10⁷ relative to the solvent phase rate in the studies of Grubbs (Schwab, P. et al. (1996) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118:100). The effect was most probably the result of ion dipole or ion-induced dipole interaction, which is inherent to all ion molecular reactions which can yield roughly 10 kcal/mol for bridging an activation barrier for a bimolecular reaction (Farneth, W. E. and Brauman, J. I. (1976) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98:7891; Olmstead, W. N. and Brauman, J. I. (1977), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99:4219; ASubiojo, O. I. and Brauman, J. I. (1979) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101:3715; Pellerite, M. J. and Brauman, J. I. (1980) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102:5993; Sharma, S. and Kebarle, P. (1982), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104:19; Caldwell, G. et al. (1984) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106:959; McMahon T. B. et al. (1988) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110:7591). The rate increase is not large enough for all metathesis reactions of V to be diffusion-controlled, since the rate difference between addition of the first norbomene or cyclobutene, for example, and the subsequent additions of each olefin is still to be established.

[0057] It can be assumed in the ring opening metathesis polymerization reaction V with two cycloolefins that the complexes with masses corresponding to both VIII and XI (n=1) could be only the π-complexes rather than the ring opening metathesis polymerization products. The spontaneously reversible formation of VIII could be interpreted as a proof of such structural assignment. However, the observation of IX (n=2) for cyclobutene, the more reactive of the two cycloolefins, definitively shows that insertion must have occurred.

[0058] It should be mentioned as a final point that, whereas Grubbs produced the “cationized” trialkylphosphine ligand to obtain water solubility, the same or similar ligands can be used for a metathesis catalyst merely to produce any uncharged organometallic complex with phosphine ligands suitable for electrospray application in the gas phase. With the widespread phosphine ligands in organometallic chemistry and the wide range of tandem mass spectrometry techniques developed for investigation of ion molecule reactions, the range of possible applications is enormous.

[0059] Finally, it could therefore be established that an olefin metathesis by means of a ruthenium-benzylidene complex could be observed mass spectrometrically for electrosprayed ions in the gas phase. Several features of the observed reaction correspond to the observed features for the same complex in solution. An enormous acceleration of the gas phase reaction in comparison with those that occur in solvents, however, can be observed.

[0060] From the two cited examples, the present invention naturally should not be limited to the use of metallocene catalysts for running polymerization reactions or Ziegler-Natta catalysts in conjunction with running of metathesis or metathesis ring opening polymerization reactions. The two examples merely serve to explain the present invention further and also to explain the analogy of the reactions by comparison with catalysts applied to supports or catalysts present in solution and thus demonstrate that the introduced anionic or cationic catalysts according to the invention favor the corresponding gas reactions catalytically. Investigations of the corresponding reaction rates have also shown that according to the present invention principle, the corresponding reactions can be accelerated up to 10⁷-fold in comparison with the corresponding reactions run with catalysts supplied to supports or catalysts present in solvents. According to the invention it is therefore not only significantly simpler and cheaper to prepare or introduce the corresponding anionic or cationic catalysts to the reaction mixture, but the reaction itself is also significantly accelerated, which naturally also has commercial effects. Additional reactions that can be accelerated cationically according to the invention are addition reactions of olefins, hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions, as well as “normal” cationic or anionic polymerization reactions.

[0061] The present examples merely serve to explain the basic principle of the invention and in no case the optimal process conditions. This is not possible, since the two examples were conducted in laboratory units and only the formation of monomers or oligomers was investigated in polymerization reaction, for which reason practical reference to corresponding industrial production is lacking. Parameters, like the electrical potential to be applied, choice of solvent, choice of inert gas, choice of conditioning gas, etc., etc., and finally the parameters to be optimized, which, on the one hand, depend on the reaction being run and, on the other hand, on the dimensions of the corresponding unit, are among these. In particular, application of the potential, choice of inert gas and conditioning is dependent on whether the solvent can be completely eliminated or on whether traces of the solvent still adhere to the catalyst.

[0062] It is significant according to the invention that the free anion or free cation, which serves as catalyst for acceleration of the gas phase reaction, is introduced to the gaseous reaction mixture without a counterion and largely solvent-free. This can occur, for example, by electrospray, thermospray or atmospheric pressure ionization. 

1. Process for running an anionically or cationically accelerated reaction in the gas phase, characterized by the fact that the catalyst is introduced to the gaseous reaction mixture as a free anion or cation without corresponding counterion, as well as at least largely solvent-free.
 2. Process, especially according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the catalyst is activated in a solvent and the solvent, as well as the counterion, are then largely removed before introduction of the reaction mixture.
 3. Process, especially according to one of the claims 1 or 2, characterized by the fact that introduction of the catalyst in the gaseous reaction mixture occurs by electrospray ionization, thermospray ion vaporization, or by atmospheric pressure ionization.
 4. Process, especially according to one of the claims 1 to 3, characterized by the fact that the substance forming the catalyst is introduced in a solvent, the catalyst-ion is then activated and the solvent is removed by conditioning, applied vacuum, evaporation and optimally by blowoff before introduction of the catalyst-ion to the gaseous reaction mixture, and the counterion is removed by application of a corresponding electric potential.
 5. Process, especially according to one of the claims 2 to 4, characterized by the fact that the solvent containing the activated catalyst is initially sprayed by an electrospray device, whereupon both the solvent and the counterion are removed by heating, blowoff, application of vacuum and by means of increased electric potential or by application of electric voltage and the catalyst so isolated is introduced in the form of free anions or cations to a reaction chamber in which the gaseous reaction mixture is present for catalytic acceleration of the gas phase reaction.
 6. Process, especially according to claim 5, characterized by the fact that spraying of the solvent containing the active catalyst occurs by electrospray under essentially atmospheric conditions.
 7. Process, especially according to one of the claims 5 or 6, characterized by the fact that several reaction regions or reaction stages arranged in succession are provided to run a chain reaction or polymerization reaction triggered by the catalyst or accelerated with it.
 8. Process, especially according to one of the claims 1 to 7, characterized by the fact that a Ziegler-Natta catalyst is used as catalyst, preferably a metallocene catalyst.
 9. Process, especially according to one of the claims 1 to 8, characterized by the fact that a metathesis reaction, a metathesis ring opening polymerization or a gas phase polymerization reaction is involved in the gas phase reaction to be accelerated catalytically.
 10. Use of the process according to one of the claims 1 to 9 for production of a polyolefin.
 11. Polymerizate obtainable by anionically or cationically catalytically accelerated gas phase polymerization in which the anion or cation responsible for acceleration is introduced largely solvent-free to the gaseous reaction mixture without counterion.
 12. Polyolefin according to claim 11 obtainable by anionically or cationically catalytically accelerated gas phase polymerization, in which the anion or cation responsible for acceleration is introduced largely solvent-free to the gaseous reaction mixture without counterions. 